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Dublin: 10 °C Thursday 23 May, 2013

Childhood behavioural problems linked to smoking during pregnancy

New research shows that children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy were 1.4 times more likely to be defined as having a behavioural problem by their teacher than other children.

FILE
FILE
Image: John Stillwell/PA Wire/Press Association Images

A NEW REPORT released by the Economic and Research Institute (ESRI) shows that there may be a link between childhood behavioural problems and maternal smoking during pregnancy.

The research, conducted by Dr Cathal McCrory (TCD) and Professor Richard Layte (ESRI), is based on data from Growing Up in Ireland – the National Longitudinal Study of Children.

The research revealed that children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy were 1.4 times more likely to be defined as having a behavioural problem by their teacher than children of mothers who did not smoke.

It showed that the probability of the child being defined as having a behavioural problem increased with maternal smoking. Children whose mothers were occasional smokers were 32 per cent more likely than non-smokers to display behavioural problems.

Meanwhile, children whose mothers were heavy smokers (11+ cigarettes a day in pregnancy) were 78 per cent more likely to be defined as having a behavioural problem than the children of non-smokers.

Methodological approach

The ESRI noted:

Since smoking in pregnancy is strongly associated with low income and deprivation, which are themselves associated with higher levels of behavioural problems in children, this study used an innovative methodological approach to this problem so as to isolate the direct effect of smoking.

    One of the report’s authors, Dr Cathal McCrory, said:

    It has been known for some time that smoking during pregnancy is associated with premature birth and low birth-weight, but the results of this study show that the effects of smoking during pregnancy are long-lasting and can affect aspects of the child’s emotional and behavioural development in later life.

    He said that these findings “reinforce the need for programs aimed at promoting successful cessation of smoking during what is a critical period for the developing infant”.

    The proportion of mothers who smoke during pregnancy has fallen over time from 28 per cent  in the late 1990s to 17.6 per cent currently. Just over a quarter of women (28 per cent) who were smoking in early pregnancy stop at some point before birth.

    The level of smoking in pregnancy in Ireland is higher than in Northern Europe but lower than in the UK.

    Read: One fifth of pregnant women smoke or drink>

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    Comments (60 Comments)

    • I wonder is it the cigarettes that cause the behavioural problems?
      I’d hazard a guess that women who smoke when pregnant may not represent a cross section of society, so there may be an element of self-selection when looking at this group.

      Reply
    • There’s lots of research on this from the states. If smoking can cause low birth weight and prematurity, why could it also not affect brain development and hyperactivity etc? It’s shocking to see the number of women smoking in their pjs outside the Rotunda each day I pass … totally selfish behaviour. Don’t see how anyone can defend pumping nicotine and tar into a developing baby’s blood stream.

      Reply
    • Years ago there wasn’t a lot of research done and it probably seemed acceptable but nowadays we know all too well about the dangers of smoking and alcohol on our own bodies never mind pumping them into a body carrying a developing baby

      Reply
    • My Mam smoked when I was in utero. This was the 80′s though and the harmful effects of smoking were not known/widely publicised. I turned out to be mental. However, it was not my Mother’s smoking that has me scarred to this day but something much more sinister. Hand-me-downs. Looking through my photos as a kid still puts me in cold sweats. Some of the hideous clothes I was forced to wear day in and day out was tantamount to child abuse. I had a pink,purple and navy shell suit that my older cousin grew out of. A brown woolen jumper with a daisy on the front and patchs on the elbows. Patches on a woolen jumper? Dear God, can no-one see the correlation between anti-social behaviour in kids and hand-me-downs?

      Reply
    • Be interesting to see a journal poll which asks how many still deliver clips around the ear or other physical punishments ?

      Reply
    • Women who smoke during pregnancy are just plain selfish.

      Reply
    • Despite that cigarettes are well known to be loaded with hundreds of chemicals, toxins and carcinogens, it is just as likely that a child has behavioural issues at 9 years old due to their mother being a selfish spineless slob, exercising as much parental discipline as she had self discipline when pregnant.

      If she smoked while pregnant, it is also likely the kid has spent a large part of its growing up on a diet of TV, turkey twizlers, pizza and cans of coke. That affects behaviour.

      Hopefully the Children’s Referendum will give the State more powers to step in. If it is now illegal to smoke in your car with kids in it, it should be illegal to smoke while you have a foetus trapped inside you, sucking up your filth.

      How tough it is for the many couples who can’t have or who have lost babies, to see the chavs in their pyjamas outside maternity hospitals smoking while pregnant.

      Reply
    • When we decided to try for a baby, I gave up smoking! I wanted to give my baby every chance to be born healthy! I didn’t find it hard as I knew that if my baby had any difficulties I would blame myself forever!

      Reply
    • Anyone DUMB enough to smoke while pregnant deserves whatever they get, the poor child however does not…but that’s life.

      Reply
    • Maria 13/11/12 #

      A lot of the “uncle Norman” syndrome here, e.g. My mother smoked when pregnant with me and I turned out fine, therefore these findings can’t be true! Also it’s amazing the excuses people come up with, e.g. I’m an addict, baby would get stressed if I gave them up now -

      Reply
    • For those of you who are mocking those of us who are standing up for our Mothers who smoked while pregnant in the 60′s 70′s and 80′s when there was no research into smoking !!! Please put stones and glass houses into a sentence !

      Reply
    • Yet another SMOKE SCREEN to hide the devastating effects of alcohol use in pregnancy which is linked directly to a range of neurobehavioral effects in children exposed to alcohol in the womb. B4 you shoot the messenger please Google FASD (Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders). Our last study in Ireland suggested that 82% Irish women consume some level of alcohol during pregnancy. Yet there is not 1 Public Health leaflet in our health system to educate women of the risks associated with an Alcohol exposed pregnancy (AEP). Perhaps as readers you might be interested to know that Diageo currently funds FASD education in the UK to the tune of 150K!! Why is Irish society in denial – this is( FASD) a devastating lifelong disability due to the brain injury the developing fetus receives in the womb. I believe the vast majority of Irish women who consume alcohol have no awareness of the risk – No parent wants to have a child with a lifelong disability – with no cure as it is a brain injury ! There is no Known safe level of alcohol use in Pregnancy – FACT. Please campaign for Public Health Information concerning Alcohol Use In Pregnancy. @fasdireland

      Reply
      • 82%. Doubt that…

        Reply
      • Hi Liam.
        Like Henry I’m skeptical of your figure of 82%; the study reference please. Perhaps you include women who have one glass of wine during pregnancy? Links between this cohort and FAS, as you well know, have not been established. But I will agree with you that moderate to heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy is devastating to such a degree that abstinence is the most recommendable course of action. As it immediate smoking cessation.

        Reply
    • So One study came up with this theory and we are all supposed to believe it. My mother smoked 20 cigarettes a day while pregnant and none of our family had behavioural problems. We got a clip around the war if we acted out of line !!!!’

      Reply
      • Perhaps your point is that behavioural problems are frequently linked to poor discipline? The long established fact is that smoking during pregnancy harms your child. It is the most disgusting thing to see a pregnant woman puff on a cigarette.

        Reply
      • Barry 13/11/12 #

        Mary your right…I know plenty of people who’s parents smoked and they didn’t get cancer either so all that cancer stuff must be nonsense also….but then of course it isn’t.

        Mary, you’ve missed the point, the research doesn’t mean 100% of kids will have problems, it states the chances are greatly increased and the same goes for a smoker compared to a non smoker when it comes to cancer,

        If people knowingly use a substance (smoking) that greatly increases problems for unborn babys and also increased the chances they may die at a younger age thus leaving the kid without a mother then they are selfish idiots

        Reply
    • Oh FFS what will they come up with next….and I don’t smoke!

      Reply
      • A smoking mother shows she doesn’t give a sh#t. The child then runs riot because the mother doesn’t give a sh#t.

        I must try my hand at this research stuff, seems easy…

        Reply
      • Smoking during pregnancy gives higher chance of birth defect (odds are 1:1), higher chance of placental previa, placental abruption, ectopic pregnancy, premature birth, low birth weight, slower development of umbilical cord, slower development of foetus, and most smoking pregnancies result in C-sections which in itself presents greater stress on the two bodies involved.
        If you smoke or drink during pregnancy you are not fit or responsible enough to be a parent and your child should be taken off you. With everything that we know now about smoking it should be a crime and you should be made pay for every public service you require access to as a result of it.

        Reply
      • Selfish, yes. The child taken off them?? Over reaction much? It must be great to be perfect like you. As for the research, pile of sh#te, just some of the demographic is probably less likely to discipline or educate their kids.

        Reply
      • Not in the least. Smoking during pregnancy gives a higher odds ratio of everything you really don’t want happening during your pregnancy – happening. If the first decision you make as a parent is “I’m going to keep smoking” frankly, you’re not parenting material, end of. No buts, maybes, or otherwise. Parenting is about sacrifice and compromise, if you can’t compromise and sacrifice the cigarettes for 9 months, you’re not parenting material, because the compromises and the sacrifices only get bigger and bigger as you take this new life form through life, the 9 months of no smoking will be made look like a pussy cat by comparison.

        Reply
      • I am a parent (ex smoker), so thanks for your pearls of wisdom but I’m doing just fine. Giving up smoking was the most difficult but most important thing I’ve ever done. Listening to your self important opinion is the last thing that would make someone quit. Best of luck to all pregnant women out there feeling the terrible guilt whilst trying to knock it on the head. Of course there are women that don’t care, you’ll always have that..The word scobie sums them up..

        Reply
      • My mum smoked durning her pregnancy with me, I came out perfect I was an angel along with a tan, I did not smoke during my pregnancy and the last one is litterly the spawn of satan ! Load of BS

        Reply
      • My mum smoked when she was pregnant with me and I was born with a cleft lip, if she didn’t smoke I would have had a 30% less chance of that happening to me. As far as I know giving up smoking doesn’t increase a mothers’ chance of a cleft lip, it’s good for them. So why smoke???

        Reply
    • There’s mention to a study in the metro today that children who are smacked are more likely to develop heart disease, cancer or asthma.

      It could be argued that its neither the act (smoking, hitting your kids) or the fact that doing either means you’re likely to be a bad parent in other areas. But that being such a selfish an irresponsible parent is a sign you carry and subsequently pass defective genes on to your kids. In which case there’s nothing you can do.

      Reply
    • lol i love the preachers of this country. hilarious an no my mother didn’t smoke while carrying me nor i while carrying my baby. its not good to smoke but its the smoking mother been made out to be the worst parents. what about the junkies an alchos i suppose they are victims. what pain them babys go through as soon as born.

      Reply
    • Could I use this article as a defence in court? Bas**rd banks want their money back.

      Reply
    • It’s uncanny to read how the majority of extremely negative comments are coming from men!!
      How many pregnancies have you men experienced??! Exactly!
      The negative effects of smoking on numerous aspects of health are well publicised, but unless you’re female, have been pregnant, are a mum, I really don’t think you’re in a position to be so judgemental – that goes for both smokers and non-smokers!

      Reply
      • Trish yes it’s true I don’t have a uterus.
        You on the other hand appear to be managing away with no brain, so I don’t feel so bad…

        Reply
      • Find me a pregnant smoking male, and I’ll say the exact same thing. Your insinuation that you must be a pregnant female is most offensive to those of us who work in the area of midwifery.
        The point is that if you continue to smoke, (or be in the presence of second hand smoke which is just as lethal lest we all forget what it does to adults never mind foetuses), you are endangering your pregnancy and preventing the foetus from developing normally.
        In this day and age there is no excuse to smoke – never mind smoke during pregnancy. There are smoking cessation officers in every public hospital in the country helping people quit. There are no reasons to ever smoke – and your excuse that its hard for women doesn’t cut it when the services are freely available to everyone, including pregnant men and women.

        Reply
      • Maria 13/11/12 #

        I am a woman, have been pregnant and think smoking during pregnancy is abhorrent. Everyone is entitled to an opinion on this. It’s about the children.

        Reply
      • Trish I am male but i am pretty sure i was born a baby, am I entitled to an opinion?

        Reply
      • I read people’s feedback and I’m sorry for offending anyone. I was in a stroppy mood this morning and shouldn’t have been so small minded.
        Of course, men have every right to their opinions regarding smoking in pregnancy. It is their child too and indeed it must be very tough on them if the female smokes as they have no control at all about the well being / health of their unborn child.
        I don’t approve of pregnant women smoking or smoking around children. When I do see either I automatically think “skanger”!
        In saying that, however, individual differences should be acknowledged and I guess, respected, whether I agree with it or not!

        Reply
    • Sorry ‘ clip around the ear’

      Reply
    • Not a smoker, but this study sounds hokey. What happened to the integrity of science?

      Reply
    • I think there are a lot of smoker,s children posting comment,s on this site ,it you get my understanding

      Reply
    • Will you just f##k off my mother smoked and we have no behaviour problems !! And btw she’s always cared about us and loved us !! Smoking mothers were not always warned about the dangers of smoking !!!

      Reply
    • CODSWALLOP.

      Reply
    • Where do they come up with this s**t????

      Reply
    • interesting that a state sponsored report like this comes out at around the same time as the referendum. think they want us to see that the yes vote was the right choice

      Reply
    • Not a smoker, but this study sounds hokey. What happened to the integrity of science?

      Reply
    • Damocles 13/11/12 #

      Is there any truth to rumours that Brompton Cemetery are to hook the remains of John Snow to a turbine and use him to power the whole of South London?

      Reply

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