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TODAY’S CAR MARKET is no longer only diesel or petrol, as a new wave of electric and electrified models continue to grow in popularity.
In fact, there are a number of types of car that use electric power some or all of the time – from full electric vehicles to hybrids, plug-in hybrids and ‘mild hybrid’ models. But there are some important differences between these that the marketing departments often don’t explain, so we’re going to do it for you.
Let’s start with electric cars or electric vehicles (EVs), also referred to as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Now coming in an increasing variety of models, EVs are exclusively powered by a built-in battery that varies in size (or capacity) depending on the car.
The upfront or initial purchase price of a new EV is typically higher than that of the combustion engine equivalent, with new prices starting from around €27,000. But it helps to consider the total cost of ownership. Your ‘fuel’ costs with an EV should be a lot less, especially if you’re charging the car at home and have a favourable electricity tariff. Maintenance and servicing costs are also usually a lot less, as EVs have fewer moving parts.
EVs have a built-in battery – much like your smartphone, but a lot bigger – and the size of this battery has a big say in how far the car can drive on a single charge, referred to as its range. Like most new forms of technology, be it laptops, smartphones or even big-screen TVs, batteries are improving all the time and coming down in price. All manufacturers guarantee the battery to retain a minimum performance level for an average of eight years, which is usually longer than you’ll own the car.
How much cheaper is an EV to run?
Generally speaking, an EV will cost much less to run than an internal combustion engine (ICE) car, and the cost of electricity can be less than petrol or diesel. Providing you have a competitive electricity provider, home charging is the most cost-effective way of running your EV, but there is an expanding public charging network. Some of these are free to use, while other operate on a pay-as-you-go or subscription plan with varying tariffs. Rapid chargers along motorways can recharge batteries faster but typically cost more to use.
At present, all new electric vehicles registered in Ireland receive Vehicle Registration Tax (VRT) relief up to a maximum of €5,000. Additionally, the SEAI provides a further €5,000 in Government-funded support through its EV Grant Scheme. These are typically applied through the dealership when purchasing.
Furthermore, the SEAI also offers a Home Charger Grant that entitles buyers to redeem up to €600 off the purchase and installation of a home charger, subject to certain conditions. More information is available at seai.ie.
Using an EV as a company car
Another way to save money is to switch to an EV for your company car. Providing the car’s value is under €50,000 it is exempt from Benefit in Kind (BIK), while any value above that BIK is only charged on the additional amount.
EVs also receive a 50 per cent (or greater for off-peak travel) reduction in road tolls up to €500. If you’re a sole trader or business, you can avail of an Accelerated Capital Allowance scheme that subtracts the full cost of the vehicle in one year.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, or PHEVs for short, are the middle ground between combustion engine cars and electric cars. PHEVs have a petrol engine, electric motor and a smaller battery than an EV and still require plugging in to charge, but this takes less time. That battery is usually large enough for a driving range of between 30 and 60 kilometres, depending on the age and size of the car. Once the battery depletes, the petrol engine automatically starts and takes over, so there is no need to stop or push any buttons.
With a PHEV you can decide which part of the powertrain to use at any one time, such as running in a pure electric mode (using only the battery), or operating as a hybrid, with the petrol engine running intermittently. It is also possible to run both motors simultaneously to deliver the vehicle’s maximum performance, though this is much less efficient.
Are PHEVs cheaper than EVs?
The purchase price of a new PHEV is usually less than that of an equivalent EV but more than a petrol or diesel car.
PHEVs do not qualify for VRT reductions, but they are eligible for the full SEAI grant support of €5,000. Running costs can be low, you will need to exercise discipline at charging the smaller battery as frequently as possible if you want to exploit the claimed low fuel consumption figures. You can also benefit from a 25 per cent (or more off-peak) reduction in road tolls with a PHEV.
One of the most common and popular types of electrified car is a hybrid. These consist of a combustion engine, almost always a petrol one, that works in tandem with an electric motor connected to a small battery. An advantage of a hybrid is that they don’t need to be plugged in or charged – the car manages that by recuperating its kinetic energy and saving it to the battery.
This system enables the car to travel for brief periods, perhaps as little as two or three kilometres, using that electrical energy. A popular marketing term is that these cars are ‘self-charging’ or a ‘self-charging electric vehicle’. These terms are slightly misleading because electrical power comes from recovered energy from the engine burning its fossil fuel and are electrified vehicles rather than electric vehicles. These cars can be reasonably fuel-efficient, especially during slower-speed urban driving where the car can optimise how it uses that battery.
How much you can potentially save on fuel costs is greatly dependent on how and where you’re using a hybrid. If you mostly travel long distances on the motorway network, you won’t see much in terms of fuel savings, but if you spend most of your driving at low speeds with plenty of stop-start traffic, then you may get more from your fuel tank.
What is a mild-hybrid?
You may see some newer cars being advertised as having mild-hybrid technology. Unlike the hybrids we’ve already mentioned, these mild hybrids do not power the cars using electric or battery propulsion at any time. Instead, they utilise an electrical system that collects energy through a more advanced type of starter motor and saves it in a small battery, often located underneath a passenger seat or in the boot.
Energy from this second battery is quickly redeployed to power the car’s ancillary systems, such as power steering and air conditioning during brief engine-off coasting. Mild hybrids don’t cost a great deal more than a conventional engined car, but as they only reduce fuel consumption by tiny amounts, you won’t see any significant fuel savings with one.
The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland is committed to creating a cleaner energy future for Ireland. Discover why electric vehicles offer a more sustainable transport solution, search for EV dealers by county and even book a test drive on the SEAI website.
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With all these grants they are useless if the seller knows they exist. They will puff up the price by exactly the amount of the grant in a lot of cases
@Quiet Goer: Counterpoint – A number of EVs are cheaper over here than UK pricelessly because of those grants.
@Thomas McGuire: Whoops, that ought be precisely not pricelessly.
Those “Plug In” cars will need a very long cable if you want to drive from Dublin to Cork!
@John Hagin Meade: Plenty of range in most modern EVs to do Dublin to Cork and it costs ~1/3 the price for the journey or lower if you have Solar PV charging the car.
I know lots of people who do it or similar cross Ireland trips regularly in EVs.
@John Hagin Meade: Can do Dublin to Mayo and BACK without charging. Haven’t tried Dub to Cork without charging but on the fast chargers on the route I can add 200+km in the time it takes to have a wee and a coffee.
I can do all that without having refuel with noxious fuels nor emit noxious emissions at street level.
@John Hagin Meade: I can think of four sites on that route that’ll add 100km in 5mins. Wouldn’t worry about it.
@Gavin Tobin: I usually stop in Cashel on the Dub-Cork run or Portlaoise on the Cork-Dub direction for a coffee (even when driving an ICE car), I just do a 10-20 minute top up on the Ionity/ESB chargers (can charge at 100kW) while I’m getting the coffee eve and it’s no issues with the trip
@John Hagin Meade: I wonder how many times over Ireland would fit in the state of Texas.
@thesaltyurchin: roughly 10 times.
Hybrid cars are nonsense. Full electric is the only option.
@Shem: Hybrids are a Toyota fairytale. Plug in hybrids can be worst of both worlds, crap EV range, crap petrol range, still need as much servicing as an ICE and still expose users to refuelling fumes and the citizenry to street level exhaust gasses.
@Gavin Tobin: I plan buying a plug in hybrid next year. Not confident that the infrastructure for fully electric is there yet especially as I’ll be driving a lot for holidays both here and abroad. Want the battery to cover the everyday town driving. Decisions, decisions!
@Teresa O’Donnell-Joyce: Found the lousy battery range & lousy petrol range of a BMW 330e to be an eye opener. Couldn’t make Celbridge to Naas on battery. Couldn’t make Cork & back without stopping for petrol.
Remember most charging is done at home on night rate at about 9c /KW.
Since they stopped giving out FREE electricity the infrastructure is fine. Holidayed in West Clare & Wexford this year both locations had electricity :)
@Gavin Tobin: absolute Nonesense!! Toyota engine’s are THE most reliable around. I have an 18yr old Avensis that never broke down & I know it will start every day. I laugh when I see BMW’s, Audi’s & Mercs at the side of the motorway ready to be towed away due to modern electrical issues. Too many ‘sensors’ showing engine faults when there are none!!!ha!
@Gavin Tobin: I really only expect a hybrid to work for the everyday short drive into and around town which is only a few km.
@Teresa O’Donnell-Joyce: Double check actual usable electric range. You may find plugging in twice a day to be pain in the arse and that a BEV makes much more sense.
I found out the hard way as did a buddy recently. Both of us moved from PHEV to BEV and no regrets.
@Gavin Tobin: I’ll keep that in mind. Thanks.
“PHEVs do not qualify for VRT reductions”… No they sure dont…. We want you to buy one but on our terms… sc_umb@gs. The Irish VRT system is illegal.
EU needs to force long long lifespan of EVs to avoid early write off/scrappage of EV due to the high Carbon Emissions in their production (8.4 tonnes)- mainly due to battery mining and manufacture. EV long lifespan should be incentivized for 25 yrs and up to 40 yrs … like aircraft useful life spans.
8.4 tonnes CO2 to make an Electric Vehicle
5.6 tonnes CO2 to make an petrol car.
@Neuville-Kepler62F: but according to USA EPA
“A typical passenger vehicle emits about 4.6 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year.”
An EV charged 100% off wind or solar can be ZERO.
@Neuville-Kepler62F: Additional emissions attributable to battery manufacturing are negated pretty rapidly
https://twitter.com/AukeHoekstra/status/1332464529930850306?s=20
Battery swapping infrastructure is being created in China by an EV company called Nio. Tesla toyed with this idea but dropped it early on. Early adopters are getting 7 free swaps a month and free charging for life. Long term I think Nio will be offering a subscription service. It has potential to work because the Chinese government are willing to invest in charging stations.
@Modern Irish Dad: Not a long term solution what with structural battery packs coming down the line… whatever about variations in size. Besides, who wants replace “their” battery with some random one.
@Thomas McGuire: do you mean a new tesla battery?
@Thomas McGuire: I wouldn’t mind switching out a battery if it saved time and I could book a time slot. Appears there are some people in China that don’t mind either. Yet I think you might be right however china is a very different market. Lots of people living in apartments with no way to home charge.
@Modern Irish Dad: Yeah, Tesla said they’re doing that alright. Though even so, it’d be a compatibility nightmare.
@Thomas McGuire: It’s really fun following tesla and other ev makers and I want them to succeed but I am holding off buying an ev car until there is a stronger second hand market. Until there is a little bit more clarity around infrastructure. I like the sound of swapping I like the sound of charge stations but R&D is happening so fast who knows.
@Modern Irish Dad: swapping is nonsense. Tesla dropped it because it’s fundamentally a waste of time. The single limiting factor to EV adoption is battery production, yet you are going to have to have half your population of batteries charging in swap facilities? These are 3 parking spaces wide, require a staff member and an appointment. It takes about 15 mins to swap. All NIO cars will need to have the same size pack. Everyone working on anything to do with battery swapping should be working on charging and motor efficiency.
Legacy automakers are paying Tesla to make themselves bankrupt while the new kids are dealing with vapourware. The only competition currently is VW but 90% of the company is only interested in internal combustion. The perfect storm it seems.
@Stuart: VW for sure, Tesla for sure. Battery swapping may be something of a marketing tool for Nio. But how will people living in apartments charge, people making long trips charge. If everybody needs to charge their car surely the market needs as many options as possible. If someone is willing to pay for the battery swap somebody will provide it especially if it offers convenience. I think batteries will go the same way as break pads.
“Expected battery lifespan is 10 years for passenger cars…. Thus two batteries are necessary for the life cycles of these vehicles. ” https://www.worldbiogasassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/biogas-transport-report.pdf
@Sean Byrne: “retain a minimum performance level for an average of eight years, which is usually longer than you’ll own the car.”
I thought this funny – its like they are saying its ok as the replacement battery will be someone else’s problem :)
Saying that, My Prius is 14 now – and the battery is still working.
@Anthony Clark: But that’s because it’s a Toyota. My 14 year old Corolla still has the original exhaust, coolant pump and timing chain. It’s original battery lasted 11 years. I’ve had many makes of cars over many years but none of them came close to the reliability and long lasting stamina of the Toyota.
@Sean Byrne: I rarely see 00 regs on the roads and any of the 0X’s usually look like bangers that are falling apart. The average age of cars on the road is 8.3 years.
@Sean Byrne: Nissan say their batteries are expected to last 20-22 years while the design life of a leaf is 10 years. So the batteries will outlast the vehicles they power by 10-12 years according to Nissan who know a thing or two about EV batteries.
https://insideevs.com/news/351314/nissan-leaf-battery-longevity/
@John Hagin Meade: Apart from the coolant pump most other parts that need maintenance/replacements on Internal combustion cars don’t exist on EV’s.
There are far fewer moving parts/consumables in EVs to require maintenance, plus when/if a battery needs replacement it could be repurposed as grid storage as a second life, after that it can be recycled. Looking from a full system of low carbon transport and renewable energy, within the next few years an ICE car won’t make any sense financially.
We are only at the changeover point and don’t have decades of data on battery life yet, but looking at what we do have (Tesla, Leaf etc), we could be surprised by how long we get from a pack and how little maintenance EV’s need.
@Sean Byrne: Ahh yes, best take a study by the French Institute of Petroleum at face value.
@Gavin Tobin: Maybe if it’s locked down for 22 years. But with normal use “your LEAF’s battery could outlast its warranty and exceed 10 years” https://www.evgo.com/about/news/nissan-leaf-battery-life/ or “Nissan LEAF battery life expectancy is 10 years or more” https://www.pinnaclenissan.com/blog/2019/december/14/nissan-leaf-battery-life-expectancy-specs-warranty.htm
@Sean Byrne: Compare that to the warranty on current ICE cars – 3 years or 90,000km on many car brands (VW Group), Renaults is the only one stretching it to 5 year and 200,000km, Kia is 7yr and 150,000km.
Don’t see any issue with an 8 year 160,000km warranty on a Leaf, it’s better than we are offered on most and nearly double the warranty of some?
@John Hagin Meade: yea I had a corolla for 16 years and it was a choice of shooting it or myself in the end. I chose to scrap it because I couldn’t face driving it one more day. Great car, never let me down but boring as hell. . Will never buy one again.
@Dt125: As Jeremy Clarkson said about Toyota’s “as exciting as a hoover”.
@Gavin Tobin: each to their own I guess, to many a car is just another appliance, something to get you from A to B, they dont want to spend thousands on the latest fancy car/fad and I get that to some degree. Even if you get a fancy car how can you enjoy it in lockdown or with our sh!te roads? Cant even go fast because you will break the law.
@motojack: EVs have no tailpipe emission and therefore do not directly harm citizens with noxious exhaust gases.
The cost of health harm by burning petrol & diesel in Dublin alone is over €800 per head. That’s a lot of money down the drain for citizens, insurers & government.
@Gavin Tobin: If Jeremy Clarkson said it must be true. Give me having confidence that my Toyota will start on the button every morning of everyday over an “non boring” car any day. Best cars Ive ever owned, including Carinas, Corollas and a Hilux for 19 years with only basic servicing. BTW, Clarkson has a Landcruiser in his garage apparently.
@Gavin Tobin: ah yea I’m not denying EV’s run cleaner, I’d love one myself for the family car. I’m not a real big car fan I’d only buy if I needed it. For commuting I avoid the car because I dont need it and I would wage alot of people on the road living in around city dont need a car either. Your still sitting in a two tonne box taking up a whole lane to drive to an office. Obviously tradesmen and the like need transportation.
Cycling or public transport infrastructure is needed leave the country people with their cars.. no need to drive around a two tonne sofa around just to get you to work.
I don’t feel question one, part two(?), is actually answered.
These electric cars are largely fraudulent as far as being Green is concerned. There is nothing Green about the battery or the rest of the car. Nobody realises that these big batteries have to be replaced in 4-5 years – no so green when they get dumped! The tyres wear out faster so throwing microcarbon into the athmosphere. French EV buyers have an 80% chance of using nuclear electricity (and so will Irish drivers as soon as the interconnector to France is built).
Carbon reduction? Just ‘kicking the can down the road’. Noise reduction? – yes, but be careful, you can’t hear these cars coming. Save money on fossil fuel taxes? For the moment yes, but wait for the Nanny State to cotton on to there revenue losses and for sure EVs eill be taxed.
This concept is a sham.
@David Shiels: Batteries greener than mining oil & burning it. Batteries do not have to be replaced in 4-5 years that is #EVFUD. Tyres don’t wear out faster that is #EVFUD. Using nuclear power is not a problem. It is safest, cleanest powergen source on every metric. New EVs have mandatory noise generators to make them audible at low speed. Burning petrol & diesel costing over €800 per head in Dublin in direct health costs. Refueling petrol & diesel cars injures health. Exhausting noxious gasses at ground level is killing citizens and causing huge health costs for individuals, insurers and the state. EVs do not cause this direct health harm.
@David Shiels: let’s look at those one at a time.
Battery replaced in 4-5 years – “current batteries are estimated to last at least 1,500 to 3,000 cycles before they lose 20% of capacity, giving an electric car with 450 km of range a battery lifetime of 450,000 km to 1,350,000 km” Source: Hoekstra, 2019
Even at the lower end, that’s nearly 18 years of driving for the average Irish diesel driver (24,000 km/yr) or 26 years for the average petrol driver.
“Not so green when they get dumped!” – When/if a battery needs replacement it could be repurposed as grid storage as a second life, after that it can be recycled. There is a significant amount of research going into both of these areas and it’s better than just burning tonnes of oil.
Tire wear – Yes EVs are heavier and there have been early studies that suggest that tire and brake dust may be higher. This could be the case, but there have been some questions asked about the assumptions in some of the studies about braking and regenerative braking, can you point me to a peer-reviewed paper covering this?. Really private cars in cities shouldn’t be a thing, pedestrians bikes and public transport should be a priority so that would limit to less densely populated areas.
The Irish grid is making great strides towards elimination of coal as a majority share from renewables, today the fuel mix for the grid was almost 50% from renewables and this is a common occurrence. We may utilise some power sourced from nuclear in France, but it will be a very small percentage as we build capacity to store wind/solar/tidal excess. By next year I will use excess solar generation from my house to charge my car, and I know many others are doing the same.
Noise reduction – It is a good thing, there is still road noise from tires and there are regulations in place to ensure people are made more aware of low-speed EVs via noise generators but our environment will be quieter.
EVs will be taxed – Of course, and they should, we don’t get public services and infrastructure for nothing. But current taxes are based on the harm ICE cars cause on environment and health. If we can reduce the burden on the taxpayer subsidising fossil fuel use and its impacts, the shortfall might be lower and therefore EV taxation might not need to be as high. In addition, power is already taxed.
If anything many taxes should be higher, if we utilised direct and indirect costs of the private cars on the taxpayer as a way to set motortax far higher.
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