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Tom Clonan 'My whistleblower journey in the Defence Forces has ended. I am back in from the cold'
Dr Tom Clonan met with the Defence Forces Chief of Staff today about a reconciliation process. ‘Unusually for Ireland, this whistleblowing story has a happy ending,’ he writes.
WHISTLEBLOWING IN IRELAND – speaking truth to power – can be a dark experience.
Whistleblower reprisal experienced when speaking truth to power here can lead to very negative professional, reputational and personal outcomes.
My journey as an army whistleblower began on 6 November 1989. As an idealistic Trinity graduate, I joined the Irish Army as an officer cadet.
Eighteen months of intensive – often brutal – training followed until April 1991 when I was commissioned as an officer. It was the proudest day of my life.
Prior to republican cease-fires, the early 1990s in Ireland were operationally demanding and I quickly gained experience commanding armed operations in support of An Garda Síochána.
In 1995, I deployed to Lebanon as a UN peacekeeper. During my tour of duty, the Israeli government launched an air and ground campaign against the population of south Lebanon, declaring our area of operations a ‘free-fire zone’. All hell broke loose.
Hundreds of Lebanese civilians were butchered during ‘Operation Grapes of Wrath’. As human shields we, the 650 Irish soldiers of the 78th Irish Battalion, placed ourselves in the firing line trying – often in vain – to prevent the slaughter. Our tour culminated in a massacre of over 100 civilians in a village called Qana.
Lebanon left its mark on me: I returned home restless. Psychological, emotional, intellectual and ethical changes fomented within me.
Coming from a matriarchal household, I had a strong relationship with my mother and grandmother. My Kerry grandmother had fought with Cumann na mBan during the War of Independence.
Aware of the role of women – often leadership roles – in the liberation of the state and, later, within the Provisional IRA and other Irish paramilitary organisations, I was struck by parallels with the conflict I had encountered in the Lebanon. I had observed their suffering and resilience.
This, among other reasons, led me towards a PhD in DCU. I applied in writing to the General Staff to conduct research into the status and roles of females in the Defence Forces. With ethical approval from DCU, I was supervised and supported by the university in what became an equality audit of the Defence Forces.
‘Feminine’ work
Initial results were stark, showing a sharp and negative gender division of labour within the organisation.
Female soldiers performed ‘feminine’ work – often tasks such as waitressing in officer’s messes – and were denied the command and operational appointments required for promotion.
As my research progressed and I reported to DCU’s postgraduate research committee, the Registrar’s Office became concerned at the very negative nature of the initial findings.
The Registrar advised me to meet with the Defence Forces’ Chief of Staff to inform him of the emerging findings and obtain a ‘letter of comfort’ to proceed with the research.
In June 1998, Lieutenant General Gerry Mac Mahon granted my request in writing, urging me to complete the research ‘thoroughly’, so the Defence Forces could fully appreciate and rectify the serious issues confronting female personnel.
With the Chief of Staff’s imprimatur, I got permission from unit commanders to interview 43 female colleagues from various appointments in army, air corps and naval units across Ireland and extended the investigation to include interviewing 17 serving in the Middle East.
These were harrowing interviews.
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Discussing training, 59 out of 60 of my female colleagues revealed traumatic experiences of bullying, harassment, sexual harassment, sexual assault and rape. I documented the research findings and continued to work under the supervision of DCU and my military superiors towards the conclusions and recommendations of the research.
In summer 2000, I completed my viva examination and on graduation in December, lodged the doctoral thesis, as directed by the Chief of Staff, to the DCU library.
At this point, I was a valued member of the Defence Forces. I was a Captain, serving as a staff officer to the Chief of Staff in Defence Forces Headquarters. I was at the heart of the organisation, a highly regarded press officer and colleague with command experience in a violent overseas deployment. I embodied the values and leadership qualities of the officer corps – professionally, intellectually, ethically.
I was confident my superiors would end the systematic violence perpetrated against my female colleagues.
At that moment, I was unfamiliar with the terms ‘whistleblower’ or ‘whistleblower reprisal’. They were to become familiar. What happened next is what Transparency International Ireland has dubbed a ‘textbook case’ of ‘whistleblower reprisal’. All hell broke loose.
When I communicated my findings to my superiors I was rebuffed and verbally abused.
I was told crudely that my work was ‘bullshit’.
I was a ‘rat’.
I was warned to remain silent and threatened with a ‘dirty tricks’ campaign.
A former superior and mentor chillingly stated ‘if the organisation cannot go for the ball, they’ll go for the man’, because ‘character assassination’ is a legitimate tactic ‘when the reputation of the organisation is at stake’.
At this point, as planned, I retired from the Defence Forces to pursue an academic career.
I made repeated attempts to persuade the general staff to act on my findings. Instead, I was ostracised and demonised by many former colleagues.
Reprisal
In summer 2001, Irish media gave the research saturation coverage.
The Defence Forces stated in dozens of media interviews that I had ‘concealed’ the research and carried it out ‘covertly’, that I had ‘fabricated’ the research process, ‘falsifying’ the findings.
These blatant untruths, along with an insidious and systematic campaign of character assassination continued for weeks, intensifying so alarmingly I feared losing my new career as an academic.
My professional reputation and integrity as a researcher were brutally targeted.
Matters came to a head that September when I showed journalists my letters of permission from the Chief of Staff, proving that the Defence Forces knew of and supported my research.
I demonstrated that my PhD was pursued openly and ethically. It was unique as an academic study in that it was supervised, supported and invigilated at the level of Registrar and Chief of Staff in DCU and the Defence Forces respectively.
One listener to a radio interview I had at that time with RTÉ was then-Minister for Defence Michael Smith TD. After I left the studio, he rang my mobile asking what needed to be done to end the extended, sorry saga. I asked for a full, independent enquiry into the research I had carried out.
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He did exactly that, launching the ‘Study Review Group’ headed by Dr. Eileen Doyle, an experienced, highly-respected academic. The group fully vindicated the findings and recommendations of my research.
To its credit, the military authorities fully implemented the Study Review Group’s recommendations. This has profoundly transformed the Defence Forces’ culture regarding workplace equality, diversity and dignity.
As a consequence of my research and subsequent enquiry, the Defence Forces is a better workplace for thousands of aircrew, sailors and soldiers.
Indeed, the Defence Forces are regarded as exemplars of best practice on diversity, inclusion and equality within the international military.
Fractured
Unfortunately my relationship with the organisation remained broken.
For two decades, I remained isolated from former colleagues. My contribution to the transformation of Defence Forces’ culture remained unacknowledged. I never received an apology for the whistleblower reprisals perpetrated against me and my family when my research became public.
However, in June this year – exactly 21 years to the day when Lt Gen MacMahon gave me written instructions to complete my research – I received an unexpected, welcome invitation from the current Chief of Staff, Vice Admiral Mark Mellett, to discuss what had passed between myself and the Defence Forces.
We met in September and discussed the impact of the research on the organisation, and of the research process upon me personally and professionally. At some point in the conversation, I realised my whistleblower journey had ended. In this meeting of minds, my relationship with Oglaigh na hEireann had come full circle. I had come back in from the cold.
Today, 30 years after I joined the Army, I will be met at the Military College in the Curragh Camp by Vice Admiral Mellett. Along with DCU, the Defence Forces will acknowledge the contribution my PhD made to the organisation on equality, diversity and dignity.
More significantly, Sandra Healy, DCU’s Head of Diversity and Inclusion, and I will deliver an inaugural annual lecture to senior Defence Forces officers on the power of diversity and inclusion in our armed forces.
We will discuss moving forward in partnership – to learn from whistleblowing, and to empower individuals to speak truth to power. In partnership with the Chief of Staff, we feel strongly that Irish public and private sector organisations and institutions might be empowered by learning to respond receptively and positively to disruptive findings within the workplace.
Unusually for Ireland, this whistleblowing story has a happy ending.
It would have not been possible without the support of DCU and the Defence Forces. I am grateful to Professor Brian MacCraith, President of DCU for his personal support. I am indebted to Vice Admiral Mellett for his courage in facilitating this reconciliation and profound moment of healing and learning.
Most of all, I am especially grateful to my female colleagues who spoke so powerfully and eloquently in my research. To this day, I remain awed by their integrity, courage and resilience as Irish women and soldiers serving our country in the most difficult of circumstances.
Dr Tom Clonan is a former Captain in the Irish armed forces. He is a security analyst and academic, lecturing in the School of Media in DIT.
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@Willy: Its 100 percent social media and nothing else, young people are looking at others online who show themselves as having the perfect life and look great and they think they are missing out or are not good enough, the pressure now on young people is far higher then the old days…..this is only the start I really pity the kids now because any of them that are prone to stress easy are going to be in real trouble with social media…..
@Sam Harms: Where TOCOS tax on cash on sight at the ATM has been legislated by an inept, tax addicted austerity assembly, I think we must be pretty much on top of the tax pile when all is considered.
Younger Irish people are drinking a lot less in recent years, so I don’t think its epidemic. Perhaps this rise in depression is stemming from something else.
@O Swetenham: social media has a huge part in this, teens comparing their looks, lifestyle and friends against their peers etc (which is mainly enhanced and not real anyways) – and sending them into depressive states, about not being good enough. Johann Hari has some interesting research to back this up.
@O Swetenham: I tend to agree. There is a negative correlation between depression and alcohol consumption statistics. Social pressures are relentless and there is no escape for many young people; not even the comfort of their own homes any more
@Seán Dillon: Suspect the problem is much simpler than drink, drugs & social media.
Suspect the problem is being caused by what we eat drink & breath.
Our food & drink is laced with HIDDEN biocidal sulphite preservatives we didn’t evolve to eat daily. Out breathing air in towns & cities is also contaminated with sulphur dioxide from diesel exhaust. And then our cars & homes are contaminated with offgassing isocyanates from polyurethane plastics, rubbers & foams.
All these are causing an immune response that is leading to low grade chronic inflammation and this inflammation in the CNS is driving anxiety & depression.
Apparently 1 in 6 (sorry don’t have source) have an intolerance to sulphites. BUT if sulphites are less than 10mg/kg they can be legally hidden on food labeling.
@Seán Dillon: Its 100 percent social media and nothing else, young people see others who show themselves as having the perfect life and look great and they think they are missing out, the pressure now on young people is far higher then the old days…..this is only the start or this I really pity the kids now because of of them that are prone to stress easy are going to be in real trouble with social media.
@Cathal: That’s not correct. People use alcohol etc to dampen their depression when in actual fact it has the opposite effect. Also, people are drinking every bit as much as before, just in different ways. Don’t fall for that myth.
@Seán Dillon: There is a link to the report in the article.
Homelessness is also highlighted as well as poverty& deprivation,social inclusion factors.It said in Ireland between 2016-2018 there was a 78% increase in homelessness among the 18-24 age group.
@TellingItAsItIs: Maybe you need to meet more sober people? It isn’t the norm everywhere. We all know that heavy drinkers hate to be the only one drinking. They put pressure on others to get locked into rounds, pun meant. Most people figure that out in their first job and leave them to it.
There is still an unnecessary taboo around depression in Ireland.
It can hit anyone at any moment and it’s time that society recognises it as an illness that should be spoken about instead of a problem that is hidden.
@James Wallace: A lot of it is due to how difficult our country makes it for people to have a decent quality of life here. A young person who wants to start driving are met with high insurance premiums for example. A lot of young people are working for less than 400 euro per week so they can’t afford to do anything i.e. get a car or buy a home.
My advise to any young person here in Ireland would be to move to a real country where they can have a better quality of life.
@David Corrigan: a person who is well can handle all of these normal challenges in life .. depression is an illness and sometimes has no definitive triggers .. also depression hits all social classes equally from the super rich all the way down the social spectrum ..
@Pat Butler: we are not the only country with those problems and in fact our quality of life here is better than a lot of countries, even within Europe. It doesn’t explain the reasons why we are always near the top of these type of lists.
@John Kelly: True John but they are put in a very difficult situation where they really don’t have much hope. Busting a gut during their prime working years and have nothing to show for it really is not good for the mind. The majority of young people here in Ireland just go through the motions as they know nothing else. They have never experienced anything else.
Can you imagine that damage it must do for a young person to wake up every day to go into a job where they are working hard for a wage that is not even enough to live on? That kind of life cannot be good for the mind.
@David Corrigan:
I don’t think it comes down to quality of life per sé – on one level quality of life has never been better.
I think it comes to expectations vs reality. Society has raised younger generations to have progressively higher expectations. Reality seldom meets this level, therefore disappointment, disillusionment and subsequent depression.
@The Great Unwashed: I agree with some of that but I think that even very modest expectations can’t be met here in Ireland. Everywhere you turn there is a bill to be paid and wages are just enough to keep bills paid. There is nothing left over to put into savings for ones future.
I know people in their early 40′s working in manufacturing companies with take home pay of 329.00 per week. That is only one example but I would believe that is happening all across the country. How can one live on that kind of money? That is pay for a skilled job by the way.
Interesting question.. I’m sure there are many factors but I think Ireland normally sits at the wrong end of many scales. Examples: Top 10 for loss of years due to alcohol abuse & cocaine consumption (also ranked quite low in terms of AA membership, more ignoring issues within society). Consumer (credit cards, loans etc. excludes mortgages) and gambling debts are very high compared to International average.
Other people have pointed to the economy which I don’t believe would be a leading influence. Young Italians for example have a far worse outlook than young Irish people. Ireland sits at the middle of euro stats in terms of people living below the poverty line! So whilst life is far from easy, Irish people do better than in other countries.
There’s an interesting paper published on generation what’s website called Young people and Optimism. It’s long but some interesting parts if you have time.
@The Great Unwashed: Thats because they don’t realise how bad things are here until they arrive or if you are a migrant here for a few years you don’t have to deal with the chronic sense of failure about not being able to achieve the one thing that in this country defines status and adulthood, buying your first home
@Wreck Tangle: Yet young people don’t have credit cards, gambling debts, huge loans out and cocaine addictions. I agree that all of those factors are crushing for anyone, but wrong demographic for this article, surely ?
@Seamus Mac: nothing has changed since I was a child. We had to put with being beaten and bullied in schools and at times the same treatment was dished out in our homes. This was in 50s and beyond. A lot of us grew up terrified of life and especially authority figures. This needs to be addressed now wherever it is happening. No one wins if a child is not nurtured and loved in every way.
If they went out and did some exercise instead of staring at social media, there would be a lot less depression. Depression rates are tied to obesity rates
@John Kelly: I think it’s fair to suggest that you’re pretty clueless yourself John. Depression is a chemical imbalance in the brain, which can be brought on through environmental factors, as much as anything else.
@Kate Foley: but he’s partially right, there are studies that show that regular exercise has beneficial mental benefits. I’m not saying it’s a cure for depression but it can help some people.
@Kate Foley: fatty foods, sedentary lifestyle will have an effect on the chemistry in the brain. Less social contact for instance will lead to a reduction in oxytocin while addiction to computer games and snacking will lead to an over production and reliance on dopamine. They also will inhibit the growth of new brain cells, neurogenesis. Such acute situations could become chronic in the longer term unless halted.
@Gavin Tobin: That implies that the particular imbalance is known. Try starting at Junior Cert science again, work up to degree level biochemistry, and then come back to us.
@Peter Byrne: That’s nonsense. Practically the only saving grace of depression is the fact that you don’t have the energy to do serious harm to yourself. Pushing people outdoors, because you don’t want to know how bad depression is, is no kind of treatment. I remember a local park that had to have all the trees cut down, if you don’t. Young people were going out and hanging themselves. That’s what happens. Exercise my eye.
@George Salter: how can they say it’s a chemical imbalance if its not known?
That means it’s not a chemical imbalance and the chemical imbalanced suggestion is at best a guess and likely simply a bullshitte excuse to stick people on ADs.
“young women aged 15–24 were more likely to suffer from depression than young men.”
And yet young men between the ages of 15-24 are 4 times more likely to commit suicide. Often with no indication that there was a problem until it is too late.
Surely this statistic should be mentioned and discussed.
Why are men/boys far more likely to resort to suicide if they are less likely to suffer from depression?
Are males less likely to admit to depression or are other factors at play?
@Will:
“young women are more likely to handle upsetting events internally”
This line seems to fly in the face of all that we know about depression and suicide too.
@Will: I remember reading quite recently that attempted suicide among females is far higher than among males, but I get your point that the report’s statistics may be skewed due to the “weak man” stigma of depression in males. Less likely to report?
@Peter:
It depends how you define ‘attempted suicide’.
‘Cries for help’ and self-harming behaviour are more common in young women, but serious attempts and actual suicides are more common in men.
@Peter: “attempted suicide among females is far higher than among males”
Yet male suicide is 4 times higher then with females.
This would indicate that female suicide is often more a cry for help then a real attempt to kill themselves whereas men are just looking for a way out of the dark place they’ve found themselves, help be damned.
It’s a tough one to nail down as questionnaires and surveys on this issue don’t give a clear picture.
@Peter: Maybe men don’t talk to their doctors, but also are inclined to be ‘impatient’ for a quick cure? Anti-depressants take weeks to kick in, and people do better often on a different type than the first one prescribed. This might be a factor too? We all know people, usually men, who went back into work too early after flu – mental illness is probably the same in terms of pushing people too hard to “get well soon”?
It’s very hard for young people to make it in this country these days. It’s almost impossible to buy a house,even qualified highly educated people out of college only get offered small mediocre contracts and the cost of living is very high compared to previous generations. Army, nurses, teachers are all on worse contracts and poorer pensions then previous generations. Insurance to set up your own business or to get a car is extortionately high and the country is in a mountain of debt. It’s very hard for young people to make it in today’s Ireland
Poor diet, Lack of vitamin D is a huge factor as well our climate of dull and rainy days which causes SAD and not enough exercise, plus fruit intake which contains the right kind of sugar ‘ fructose’ is important for running every single cell in our brain so we need to up our intake of fruit on a daily basis.
@C_O’S: Fructose is not the right kind of sugar. Much fructose consumed in processed foods comes from corn and is laced with embedded sulphites from the initial processing step. Over consumption of sulphites causes inflammation of the CNS leading to anxiety & depression.
@C_O’S: I’ve known only one fruitarian. He was certain that his diet was helping him. Whether physically or mentally he didn’t or couldn’t say. Sadly, he killed himself a couple of years ago.
@C_O’S: perhaps on a tree or plant before picking and before modern preservatives are introduced to make the fruit travel better & last longer. Eating grapes for example are packed in sulphur dioxide to prevent spoilage. So you are getting fructose but biocides simultaneously.
Great if you can grow your own food but commercial food preservation techniques are I suspect causing widespread havoc.
It’s obvious. It’s the standard of living. We have it worse than any generation since the 1950s, well at least they had housing. In school they told us we had to go university, and a good one at all costs. We went to uni worked our asses off and came out to a job market that pays us little over minimum wage and a housing system that takes half our rent for small rooms. We can’t afford to properly socialise, we can’t afford to buy a car, we have no real chance of getting better pay, no chance of buying a car, can’t afford to get married, can’t afford to have kids and then they wonder why prescriptions for anti depressants are through the roof?
@Niall Dunne: Spot on Niall. The average salary for a graduate engineer would be around 25 or 26K here in Ireland. The same engineer would command a salary of about $75K upstate NY. The cost of living here is higher than that part of the world but our engineers start on one third of the salary.
@Niall Dunne: I would suggest expectations have a lot to do with it. Since the excesses of the Celtic tiger, young Irish people have far higher expectations of life and what it should be like, in a material sense at least. When expectations are high disappointment is likely.
Growing up during the 70s and 80s we had no expectations other then unemployment or a plane or boat ride out of the country. When you’re used to having nothing, anything puts a smile on your face.
@Will: Is expecting a secure home, a full time job, a few bob for when your not working and maybe a week away once a year high expectations? I would call that the bear minimum for any quality of life, yet we cannot have it because of the excesses of previous generations and the neo liberal policies of our government
@Niall Dunne: we all came out of college having to start on steps of life and work our way to achieve all the benefits along the way. Now people want everything instantly. I started my first job at £5.50 punt a week, having to pay all bills, rent, etc.out of that. Keep head down and work hard!
The abuse of alcohol and the gambling addiction in this country are huge contributors to the problem. Alcohol amplifies problems and gambling is available(and advertised as sexy) to kids. We have an epidemic.
@Seamus Mac: They create too much revenue to be seriously tackled by either the government or society. It’s all about the money, greed and selfishness #cutehoorism #asirishasspuds
I feel sorry for this generation. What is there to hope for? In reality luck. Lucky enough to find work, lucky enough to find a place you can afford, lucky to not get sick, lucky to have a decent education, lucky to be near basic services, or transportation, or lucky to be born with wealth. Lucky if you can live above the cost of living.
It’s been this way for hundreds of years, and no matter how much we pay those at the top it only continues. I wish you all the best of luck.
@James Wallace: all shown before the watershed what is on them not very suitable for kids. Everyone in the soaps solve everything with a drink. Free advertising for the drinks industry.
I’d say the weather might be a factor, albeit a cursory one. The fact that a few Scandinavian countries and a remote island make up the top 5 points towards it.
At least when I was younger you could live in Rathmines for half nothing and work 4 hours a day. You could spend your spare time doing stuff you were really interested in. Now graduates are sold a pup. Get a great Leaving Cert, get a minimum of a 2.1 in college, join an accountancy/law firm and just maybe you will be made partner after 20 years of hard slog (tip: you won’t unless daddy knows somebody)
Serious pressure on young people (and people in general) now. The need to look their best and have the most up to date this and that….sad times. Smartphones, Social Media in my opinion can shoulder some of the blame, online bullying etc.
Lets hope they can get through a sad time in their lives and realise all the materialistic stuff in life means nothing and have some people around them who love them, thats the most important thing to have in life……… (and it would help to live in a well run country with good support networks where life isnt a struggle for many)
Continuous stress, no job prospects, no hope of owning a house, endless work, no time for anything else trying to get by, from now until they die. No reprieve, no future. #keeptherecoverygoing
Shite climate, third world infrastructure, shite wages except for limited industry. Extortion rental prices, if you can even get one. Insurance on cars is practically impossible to get for young people, and not to mention a government that couldn’t give a fiddlers about its citizens. It’s a tough place to live and especially if you are a young person trying to find their way in the world.
Lots of reasons to this, but as many have said it that a perception of lack of worth and/or a perception of having a very hard future are major contributions.. Robotics AI etc making it harder to try and chose careers for the future, Leo, FG and thier ftriendly media spining about how well the country is doing, while they see no future as their parenst struggle to live with mediocure wages and extorinate costs of living in this country are not helping, nor is having to live with parents for longer for same reasons.
Couple that new ways of living as in one of the first generations to be more likely even less well off than their parents, with the pressures of social media and a Goverment obsessed with image over substance that dose not seem to care about oridinary peoples problems with exortinate costs of living, housing & health crisis and why would they not be depreessed, it makes one depressed oneself to think of what the future may hold for these. For some they might be able to leave the country for a few years and experience live as a youngster should and try to enjoy life and actually put a few quid away, but for those that will be staying all they can see is a job with low wages and half of that goinng in useless rent.
There needs to be big messages getting sent like what they done for road safety because unfortunately people still don’t get how serious it is I wudnt wish it on my worst enemy but we need to get rid of the stigma it’s an actual very serious illness that needs to be highlighted like cancer heart disease etc I am so frustrated with Ireland’s approach to the subject
@JeremiahMcDonagh: I agree with that despite millions being pumped into it. People with mental health issues need the right kind of help. What needs to be done is give people a real life coach to help them to deal with downs in life. For example, having to deal with authority or legal issues is like facing a firing squad for a lot of people. A coach or sponsor would help a lot in those situations and there would be a lot less depression if this were an option for people to tap in to. Why not make it available!
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Store and/or access information on a device 154 partners can use this purpose
Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers, randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes presented here.
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 201 partners can use this purpose
Use limited data to select advertising 163 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
Create profiles for personalised advertising 124 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 125 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 52 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 49 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 181 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 79 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 113 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 119 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 52 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 67 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 38 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 126 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 128 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 96 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 69 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 120 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 108 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.
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