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This article has been translated in Irish but if you’d like to read the English version you can do so here.
IS MINIC A dhéantar iarrthórí a sheasann sa toghchán a cháineadh mar gheall ar shaincheisteanna intíre a ardú ina bhfeachtais.
Is mar gheall go bhfuil líon cumhachtaí casta agus dian ag an Aontas Eorpach a chuireann teorainn ar an méid atá feisirí Pharlaimint na hEorpa (FPEnna) in ann a rialú sna ballstáit.
Sa ráiteas mínithe seo, breathnóimid ar chumais eisiacha an Aontais Eorpaigh. Is éard atá i gceist leo sin ná réimsí shochaí agus gheilleagar na mballstát atá laistigh de rialú an Aontais Eorpaigh le rialú.
Tabharfaimid roinnt samplaí chomh maith ar an méid atá deánta ag institiúidí éagsúla na hEorpa chun na réimsí sin a rialú le cúig bliana anuas.
Sula bpléimid é sin, seo meabhrú ar conas a oibríonn institiúidí na hEorpa:
Déanann an Chomhairle Eorpach ionadaíocht do cheannairí Rialtais na mballstát (an Taoiseach, Príomh-Airí agus Seansailéirí) agus leagann sí amach clár an Aontais Eorpaigh.
Déanann Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh ionadaíocht d’airí na mballstát a chomhaontaíonn, a easaontaíonn agus a mholann athruithe ar dhlíthe nua a mholtar san Aontas Eorpach
Déanann an Coimisiún Eorpach dlíthe nua a dhréachtú, a mholadh agus a leasú, bunaithe ar an gclár a leagtar amach ag an gComhairle Eorpach
Breathnaíonn Parlaimint na hEorpa ar mholtaí an Choimisiúin agus déanann sí athruithe orthu sula dtagann sí ar chomhaontú agus roimh iad a thabhairt ar ais.
Má tá tuilleadh eolais uait faoin bpróiseas seo, is féidir leat ár ráiteas mínithe a léamh anseo.
Tá ról ag gach grúpa laistigh de na cumhachtaí seo, air a dtugtar cumais: tá coiste amháin ag Parlaimint na hEorpa in aghaidh an chumais, agus Coimisinéir tiomnaithe ag an gCoimisiún agus déanann airí i ngach tír maoirseacht ar chur i bhfeidhm na ndlíthe nua.
Dúirt an t-ollamh John O’Brennan de chuid Ollscoil Mhá Nuad, a dhíríonn a obair ar institiúidí agus polaitíocht an Aontais Eorpaigh, go ndíríonn cumhachtaí eisiacha an Aontais Eorpaigh ar “chomh-fhadhbanna gníomhaíochta”.
Tá ról ar leith ag Airí agus FPEnna ó gach ballstát sa “ghréasán casta maidir le cumhacht agus cinnteoireacht” ionas go mbeidh deis cainte ag daonra an Aontais Eorpaigh ar dhlíthe nua chomh maith.
Dúirt O’Brennan go léiríonn tabhairt isteach cumais nua thar am “go raibh nithe áirithe ann nárbh fhéidir le ballstáit a dhéanamh ina n-aonar, agus mar sin, bhí orthu iad a bhainistiú le chéile”.
Mhínigh Christy Anne Petit, Leas Stiúrthóir ar Institiúid an Bhreatimeachta Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath – a dhéanann staidéar agus scrúdú ar bheartas na hEorpa i ndiaidh an Bhreatimeachta – conas a thug conarthaí roimhe seo, a shínigh gach ballstát, cead an Aontais Eorpaigh rialú a ghlacadh ar na réimsí beartais ar an iomlán.
Mar sin, cad atá sa réimsí beartais sin?
Aontas Custam agus Beartas Airgid
Baineann an tAontas Custam le saorghluaiseacht daoine agus trádáil shaor earraí atá á iompórtáil agus á easpórtáil idir ballstáit.
Níl beartais airgid i bhfeidhm ach amhá in i dtíortha i Limistéar an Euro, a chlúdaíonn 20 as na 27 stát.
Tá sé mar aidhm ag beartais an Aontais Eorpaigh maidir le hairgead an euro a chosaint agus a fhéachaint chuige go seasfaidh sé an aimsir, monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar conas atá ag éirí le gach ballstát ó thaobh an gheilleagair de agus a chinntiú gur féidir leis na tíortha i Limistéar an Euro suaití margaidh sheachtraigh a mhaireachtáil, ar nós cúluithe eacnamaíochta i dtíortha lasmuigh den Eoraip.
Banc Ceannais na hEorpa in Frankfurt, an Ghearmáin. Grianghraf Stoic Alamy
Grianghraf Stoic Alamy
Níl cead cainte ag an Aontas Eorpach maidir leis an gcaoi a mbainistíonn ballstáit a gcaiteachas poiblí nó infheistíochtaí intíre, áfach.
Dá bhrí sin, ligeann sé so na hairí agus do na rialtais ó gach tír na hEorpa cinneadh a dhéanamh ar cén scéim a roghnú. (Mar shampla – dúirt an tAire Airgeadais Michael McGrath le déanaí nach mbeadh Éire ag infheistiú i mbannaí cosanta don Aontas Eorpach).
Seachas sin, tugann an tAontas Eorpach rialacha isteach, trí Bhanc Ceannais na hEorpa, maidir leis an gcaoi a seachnaíonn gach ball de Limistéar an Euro titim luach an airgeadra nó é a bhoilsciú.
Déantar an ráta boilscithe, agus bearta eile ar nós féimheacht agus cúnamh cúlaithe eacnamaíochta, a bhainistiú trí Bhanc Ceannais na hEorpa.
An bhliain seo caite, mhéadaigh an banc ceannais, suite in Frankfurt rátaí úis faoi 10 i ndiaidh a chéile mar iarracht chun arian a chur le rátaí boilscithe.
Cé gur imir sé tionchar láidir ar dhaoine le hiasachtaí bainc agus morgáistí gan íoc, chuir sé stop leis an ráta boilscithe a mhéadú – a dhéanfaidh an euro a dhíluacháil. Dúirt Petit gurb é sin ceann de na buntáistí a bhaineann le beartais airgid reatha.
Dúirt sí gurb é plean “meántéarmach” an Aontais Eorpaigh na seachtar mballstát eile a thabhairt isteach i Limistéar an Euro.
Cé go raibh rath ar na beartais, tá díospóireacht ann cé acu ar cheart don Aontas Eorpach aontas eacnamaíoch a fhorbairt chun scéimeanna comhchaiteachais a bheith acu ar fud an bhloic.
Faoi láthair, beidh ar na stáit na costaist a chlúdach (lena gcead) maidir le roinnt tionscnamh ag an gCoimisiún, an Pharlaimint agus an Chomhairle – ar nós foirgnimh phoiblí a iarfheisiú agus bonneagar fuinnimh níos fearr a fhorbairt. Tugtar comhordú eacnamaíoch air sin.
Mar sin féin, mar gheall ar easpa beartas eacnamaíoch aonfhoirmeach, tá cuid de na tionscmnaimh sin níos saoire le cur i gcrích i roinnt ballstát ná mar atá i gcinn eile. Dúirt Petit gur “obair atá idir lámha” fós é sin a chomhoiriúnú.
Iomaíocht agus Beartais Tráchtála
Is príomh-réimse eile í reachtaíocht a rith an tAontas Eorpach maidir le hiomaíocht agus beartais tráchtála eile, i bhfianaise an mhargaidh aonair ina bhfuil gach ballstát mar chuid de.
Imríonn na beartais tionchar ar ghnólachtaí a oibríonn san Aontas Eorpach.
Is é margadh aonair an Aontais Eorpaigh ceann de na geilleagair is mó ar domhan. Is áit mhealltach í do ghnólachtaí, fiontraithe agus tíortha eile atá ag iarraidh trádáil laistigh de.
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Is é príomh-chuspóir na gcinnteoirí maidir le hiomaíocht nua agus beartais tráchtála san Aontas Eorpach ná na margaí sin a rialú chun monaplachtaí a sheachaint agus geilleagar caipitlíoch a chruthú atá gníomhach, rathúil ach cothrom do shaoránaigh na hEorpa.
Déantar roinnt den obair seo ag an gComhairle Eorpach agus Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh, a dhéanann idirbheartaíocht ar chomhaontuithe trádála le tíortha eile.
Sin an fáth go raibh iarracht níos fearr ó airí agus ceannairí na hEorpa chun Breatimeacht Gan Shocrú a sheachaint, mar bheadh iarmhairtí uafásacha mar thoradh ar chomhaontuithe trádála idir an bloc agus an Ríocht Aontaithe.
Banc Infheistíochta na hEorpa i Lucsamburg. Grianghraf Stoic Alamy
Grianghraf Stoic Alamy
Mhínigh Petit gurb é príomh-chuspóir na mbeartas iomaíoch ná cothrom na Féinnecdo ghnólachtaí a chruthú, ionas go mbeidh gach ceann in ann dul in iomaíocht ag an leibhéal céanna i margadh aonair an Aontais Eorpaigh beag beann ar mhéid na cuideachta.
Le déanaí, bhí iarrachtaí méadaithe ó laistigh den Aontas Eorpach chun rialachán níos láidre ar mhargaí digiteacha a thabhairt isteach agus, de réir Petit, breathnaítear air sin mar an mbloc ag déanamh iarracht bheith níos cumhachtaí ar scála domhanda.
Is iad an tAcht um Margaí Digiteacha (AMD) agus an tAcht um Sheirbhísí Digiteacha (ASD) an dá phríomh-phíosa reachtaíochta a tugadh isteach i ngníomh le cúpla mí anuas. Tá an Coimisiún Eorpach agus an Chúirt Bhreithiúnais Eorpach i gceannas ar na bearta sin a chur i bhfeidhm.
I mí Márta, mar shampla, gearradh fíneáil ollmhór de €1.8 billiún ag an gCoimisiún ar Apple i ndiaidh a fuarthas gur sháraigh sé=iad an tAcht um Margaí Digiteacha nuair nár chuir siad na deiseanna céanna ar fáil d’fhorbróirí aipe ar a ngléasanna.
Tá sé mar aidhm ag an Acht um Sheirbhísí Digiteacha a chinntiú go gcomhlíontar dlíthe cearta daonna an Aontais Eorpaigh agus dlíthe sóisialta eile ar ardáin na meán sóisialta.
I mí na Nollag, d’oscail an Coimisiún fiosrúchán ar X (Twitter roimhe sin) maidir le bréageolas a deirtear a cuireadh ar an ardán maidir leis na hionsaithe ar an 7 Deireadh Fómhair.
Tá Coimisinéir an Aontais Eorpaigh Thierry Breton i gceannas ar Acht an AE um Sheirbhísí Digiteacha a chur i bhfeidhm. Alamy
Alamy
Is eintiteas aonair é an tAontas Eorpach san Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Trádála, inar féidir le hidirbheartaithe comhaontuithe níos fearr le tíortha eile lasmuigh den mhargadh aonair a líonrú agus a chruthú.
Tá sé deacair don Aontas Eorpach dul in iomaíocht le tíortha eile le marcóirí níos mó, ar nós na Stáit Aontaithe nó an tSín, mar gheall ar éagsúlachtaí sa bheartas náisiúnta.
Cabhraíonn scéimeanna, ar nós an Limistéar Eorpach Eacnamaíoch, le scóip an mhargaidh aonair a leathnú trí thíortha i gcuid eile na hEorpa a chur san áireamh i socrú éadálach chun trádáil leis an Aontas Eorpach saor in aisce gan bheith marbhallstát.
Comhbheartas Iascaigh agus Comhaontuithe Idirnáisiúnta
Rialacháin iascaigh le haghaidh tíortha ar nós an Íoslainn, a thagann an chuid is mó dá gníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch ó thionscal na hiascaireachta, nó bróicéir tríú páirtí s bheith acu le haghaidh comhaontuithe idirnáisiúnta do thíortha ar nós am Eilvéis, a bhfuil luach mór acu ina seasamh neodrach. Ní thiocfadh sé sin go maith lena ndaonraí faoi seach.
Dá bhrí sin, ligeann an Limistéar Eorpach Eacnamaíoch do na tíortha sin, chomh maith leis an Iorua agus Lichtinstéin, páirt a bheith acu sa mhargadh aonair luachmhar, gan a bheith faoi réiri na rialachán céanna atá ag ballstáit eile.
Is pointe tábhachtach é seo nuair a chuirtear san áireamh gur éirigh roinnt rialacháin sna réimsí seo níos déine, go háirithe le tabhairt isteach agus cur le Socrú Glas an Aontais Eorpaigh – a bhfuil sé beartaithe aige astaíochtaí a laghdú faoina leath i gceann trí bliana agus astaíochtaí neodracha a bhaint amach faoin mbliain 2050.
Déantar teorainneacha agus ceadúnais a bhainistiú agus a rialú ag údaráis na mballstát faoi seach. Grianghraf Stoic Alamy
Grianghraf Stoic Alamy
Déanann an Socrú Glas comhbheartais iascaigh an Aontais Eorpaigh a athchóiriú, trí fhócas athnuaite a chur ar thimpeallacht inbhuanaithe ar an bhfarraige a chruthú trí infheistíocht i bhfuinneamh amach ón gcósta.
Chomh maith leis sin, chuir na dlíthe éiceabhácha bithéagsúlacht mara chun cinn agus tugadh isteach maoiniú chun tránna agus an fharraige a ghlanadh suas.
Cé go bhfuiltear ag súil leis an bhfarraige a choinneáil glan agus sláintiúil leis na bearta sin, tugadh isteach bearta eile, ar nós uasteorainneacha méadaithe ar stoc agus srianta ar an gcineál éisc ar féidir le hiascairí a ghabháil.
Leis na méaduithe sin, tháinig méadú ar an maoiniú don iascach chun cuid mhór dá gcostas a fhóirdheonú – ach tá go leor oibre fós le déanamh chun cúiteamh sásúil a dhéanamh d’iascach na hEorpa.
Déantar teorainneacha agus ceadúnais a bhainistiú agus a rialú ag údaráis na mballstát faoi seach agus comhlíonann siad na rialcháin a tigadh isteach ag institiúidí an Aontais Eorpaigh.
Chuir an tAontas Eorpach socrúcháin trádála ar bun agus rialaigh siad an margadh chun gníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch inbhuanaithe agus brabúsach a chruthú sa tionscal.
Faoi dheireadh, déanfaidh an tAontas Eorpach idirghabháil agus tabharfaidh sé cúnamh le comhaontuithe idirnáisiúnta ar thrí ócáid:
nuair a bheidh athruithe reachtaíochta ag teastáil ar na conclúidí ar leibhéal na hEorpa
nuair atá na conclúidí riachtanach le haghaidh oibríochtaí inmheánacha éifeachtacha an Aontais Eorpaigh
nó nuair is féidir leis na conclúidí tionchar a imirt ar rialacha comhchoiteanna reatha san Aontas Eorpach
Is é an Breatimeacht an sampla is soiléire de sin le gairid, a raibh tionchar ag idirbheartaíochtaí agus conclúidí ar na trí chritéar ar fad.
Sin an fáth a tharla roinnt plé idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus an tAontas Eorpach ahus an fáth a raibh ar roinnt ballstát cúnamh a thabhairt nuair a bhain na hidirbheartaíochtaí leo (smaoinigh ar Éirinn agus an cúlstop).
—
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@Injustice Cop: Bíonn daoine ar build mar níl Gaeilge úsáidthe, ach nuair a bhíonn sé úsáidthe, bíonn na daoine céanna ag gearán mar ní thuigeann siad an t-ábhar.
@Dominic Leleu: I want one translated into the language of the Republicca Democratia Militaria. Now there’s a good language.
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Link different devices 55 partners can use this feature
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In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 91 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 69 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.
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