Support from readers like you keeps The Journal open.
You are visiting us because we have something you value. Independent, unbiased news that tells the truth. Advertising revenue goes some way to support our mission, but this year it has not been enough.
If you've seen value in our reporting, please contribute what you can, so we can continue to produce accurate and meaningful journalism. For everyone who needs it.
A FIVE-YEAR-old boy in the UK is living as a girl after he was identified by doctors as one of the youngest ever children to have Gender Identity Disorder (GID).
Zach Avery, from Essex, has been living as a girl for over a year having being diagnosed with GID – defined as being a conflict between a person’s actual physical gender and the gender that they identify himself or herself as - by doctors when he was four.
According to his mother, Theresa, Zach used to like Thomas the Tank Engine but then one day suddenly decided that he wanted to live like a girl and started watching Dora the Explorer as well as dressing in girl’s clothes.
Advertisement
“He just turned round to me one day when he was three and said ‘Mummy, I’m a girl,’” she is quoted as saying in The Sun.
Theresa, 32, says she thought her child was going through a phase until it “got serious”.
She said: “He would become upset if anyone referred to him as a boy,” adding that she wanted to raise awareness of the disorder by going public about it.
The primary school that he attends has even changed the children’s toilets to unisex in support of Zach since his official diagnosis.
The local health authority told TheFamilyGP.com that last year 165 chuildren were diagnosed with GID of which only seven were under the age of five.
Readers like you are keeping these stories free for everyone...
A mix of advertising and supporting contributions helps keep paywalls away from valuable information like this article.
Over 5,000 readers like you have already stepped up and support us with a monthly payment or a once-off donation.
My son/bat often will only answer to the name batman and at 3 started dressing as various different superheros. Pity the mom is not as supportive of her childs rights to privacy.
The child is barely old enough to know his name and we are expected to be believe that he knows he is a girl. He should be taken away from this awful woman who is happy to parade him in front of the world like a circus act.
He should be taken away from his mother? Really? It is truly amazing what people feel qualified to comment upon. As if some bloke reading a news story has a better handle on the situation than the child’s mother and the doctors who diagnosed the condition.
When I was 5 I wanted to be a hairdresser. Mammy brought me to the doctor, he said I was suffering Occupational Identity Disorder. I was put on a firm diet of academia & assessment. By aged 6 my condition was reviewed, by then I wanted to be an actress. He looked at my mother and said “Liz, this is very serious!”
Yes Leigh I accept GID exists but how any 5-year-old could honestly have the physical or emotional development to fall into the category is surely debatable at best?!
If you accept GID exists, then don’t make such a ridiculous mockery of it by comparing it to wanting to be a hair dresser. Your mistake is writing it off as “wanting to be something”, rather than it being a real condition that can be diagnosed, even in a 5 year old.
In a child this young, nothing permanent is ever done until they’re 18, so it’s largely irrelevant.
I don’t think it’s intolerant or oppressive to say that the criteria for diagnosing this condition cannot apply to a 4 or 5 year old child in the same way that they will apply to a young adult who feels issues regarding their gender identity.
If I believed that there was a monster waiting under my bed I might be classed as some type of schizophrenic, if a four year old displayed the same belief it would be meaningless.
The same criteria simply do not apply.
That’s not how schizophrenia works at all. Both transgenderism and schizophrenia are neurological conditions. Soon it will even be possible to screen, to some extent, for transgenderism.
I don’t think anyone’s doubting that a diagnosis made by a child who’s identity is in constant flux does not hold the same weight as one made in a competent adult, but it’s irrelevant as nothing permanent is being done here. The only thing that might happen is once puberty starts, they are put on blockers to postpone it. This doesn’t really cause any major side effects, and is safe to do. The alternative is forcing them through puberty, which means they end up aging as a male, and end up with facial hair which is painful and difficult to remove.
I’m quite well aware of how schizophrenia works. My point is, as you said yourself, “a diagnosis made by a child who’s identity is in constant flux does not hold the same weight as one made in a competent adult.”
I disagree with you though when you say that it is irrelevant. The child is being diagnosed, labelled and then shoved out into the spotlight as some kind of mascot or example based on diagnostic criteria that are, at best, ill suited for their purpose.
Transgenderism in children is a real issue and one that doesn’t get near enough attention. I don’t see how “spotlighting” it in that regard is wrong and as far as I know this is being reposted from the Sun which no doubt gave negative connotations to it, so it’s not the pro-trans camp that are doing that.
And again schizophrenia is a neurological condition, it’s not just based on whether or not someone claims to see monsters under the bed. If there’s real evidence that the child is actually hearing or seeing things that aren’t there, then it’s possible they’re schizophrenic.
Isn’t it best to leave whether or not the child should be diagnosed up to the professionals? You can make the argument that we shouldn’t be diagnosing something so simple so early, but such a thing is necessary if they are going to be taken seriously by the school and other institutions – something others aren’t considering here. I don’t like needing a piece of paper to confirm I’m really a woman on the inside either.
Psychology may not be perfect, but neurology is fairly solid, and it’s sad how little faith people have in these fields.
The story is from the Telegraph and Sun and to be fair the article I read on the Telegraph site seemed entirely balanced, not sensationalised, and had a lot more of the salient details, including that the child attempted to cut off his/her penis which suggests that the version of the story posted here is highly watered down and trivialised.
On reading the original article the child obviously came across as exhibiting a lot of the signs of having a genuine transgender issue as opposed to the “she likes pink things and dora the explorer” version that we see here.
In response to your comment, I don’t see anything wrong with spotlighting the issue but I don’t see how it is healthy to put the child out there in the public domain to be reviled by the intolerants and glorified by those who are liberal for the sake of being liberal.
I think that if the story printed here had contained more of the relevant details of the case as printed in the original article, the comments might have been a bit more enlightened
And what’s wrong with that? Should we just stop trying to understand how people work and what’s wrong with them?
If we didn’t have a label like “Transgender”, we wouldn’t be able to identify people who need treatment and give it to them. Transgenders in particular have a very high suicide rate.
I agree it shouldn’t be a “disorder” though, but I doubt that’s the point you’re getting at.
Leigh, everything is wrong with labelling people. This “label” goes on your record & is something you carry with you for the rest of your life. To give a 5 year old child the label of “GID” who this moment in time still believes in Santa, The Easter Bunny & the Tooth fairy is wrong & unfair, his parents should not be parading him across the internet & print media also, he certainly won’t thank them for that.
You were complaining about the existence of the label in the first place. Also, trans kids don’t get enough recognition at all as is. If nobody ever gets “paraded”, then as far as the general public is concerned, they don’t exist.
I don’t know why some people are so intent on silencing trans issues.
It’s pretty fucking obvious to see how that comment would be taken. Complaining about labels means you were complaining about the label of GID and we’re all too used to this kind of Daily Mail whinging. It’s not my job to clarify your intent for you.
Well I can see you studied the book how to make friends & influence people. Get over yourself, down off your high horse & stop insulting people because their opinion differs to yours.
That doesn’t justify the offensive nature of your comment whatsoever. What I said in reply is irrelevant. You shouldn’t have made a comment that implied that the label of GID was somehow unnecessary.
It’s not a case of opinion here when we’re dealing with medical facts, and that’s a cop-out argument regardless. If your opinion is worth anything, you can back it up and defend it. I don’t have to respect opinions that are disrespectful towards me.
when.my son was three he told me he was teenage mutant ninja turtle he even dressed as one (i have photos)…..do you think that’s why his bedroom smells like a sewer:))
When is it too young to know your own feelings, I knew I liked boys more than girls when I was in baby infants which made me 4 years old. Thankfully this child isn’t being made feel bad or that the child is abnormal, all the negative comments from people that are scared of something different of somebody that doesn’t conform to the “norm”
“I knew I liked boys more than girls when I was in baby infants which made me 4 years old.”
I’ll take it from this statement, you mean you are gay. I’m pretty sure when I was 4 I liked boys more and thought girls had “cooties”… This is no longer the case for me and hasn’t been for many, many years, so I don’t really see the point in your argument.
She’s self aware and felt something was wrong. This is completely different from a kid wanting to be spiderman or whatever else. It is such a huge part of what makes you who you are so as I said identifying that there’s a problem early on makes sense. And there’s a diagnosis too, so there ya go it’s not just some kid going through a phase.
And maybe it’s an uncomplicated as the child is just copying older sisters. A 3 yr old is still making sense of the world and is only aware of what he/she sees. My son often talks about when he was a grown up and I was a child. Should I contact the sun for an exclusive on parent and child in reincarnation role reversal?
God I hope the Sun doesnt start another transphobic witch hunt because of this. Let the child be, its not like they’re using medical intervention at the age of 5, if she turns around later and feels differently then no harm done. Good on the school for being supportive.
I wonder what happened in this boys life to make him reject his own gender. Could it be our feminist-heavy media? Maybe if we took a break from pedestalising the feminine and denigrating the masculine, this boy would be OK with himself…
Maybe you should read up on transgender issues to find out what it really is instead of assuming some psychological trauma caused something which is generally accepted by Neurologists the world over to be hardwired? It’s as real as schizophrenia and autism, at the very least.
Though you’re probably one of the batshit ones who think those are made up by the Librul media to excuse lazy kids.
Also, in your dumbfuck, sociopathic right wing worldview, aren’t all feminist butch, man-eating dykes, so why would that make a little boy want to dress in little girls clothes if s/he identifies as female?
I can’t imagine why people downvote comments like that. If you read up on transsexuality and the neurological case for it, it’s true. We live in an age when facts and science have become even more subjective than before and the almighty ignorant opinion is more important than educated, informed viewpoints.
No wonder we’re so fucked as a country. Yeah lads, more of that Austerity stuff will get us back on track, don’t listen to those commie economists.
@ Leigh Walsh. Putting YOUR words into MY mouth is not the same thing as making an argument. I have an opinion that happens to differ from yours; this does not make me a dumbfuck or a sociopath as you allege. Mature people are able to have discussions without resorting to childish accusation. If you ever manage to graduate from the ‘Schoolgirl Debating Society’ you can come back here and engage with adults.
It’s not a matter of opinion. Your remarks are highly offensive and represent an understanding of psychology outdated by perhaps more than a century.
The idea that the supposedly “feminist heavy” media can somehow manufacture transsexuals is absolutely bizarre, and deeply insulting. As far as I can see, you can say the same thing of any transgendered person.
The idea that someone is only transgendered because of some corrupt societal influence is no better than asserting the same of homosexuals as Fundamentalist Christians do.
The complete lack of empathy for those in situations different to your own is what leads to me calling these views sociopathic, and they really are.
@Leigh Walsh. Thanks for the clarification. Let me summarise. Any opinion that differs from yours is ‘offensive’ and anyone who disagrees with you is a ‘sociopath. GOT IT!’
Delighted to hear how supportive the school are being, but given that this is going to be a difficult situation for the child to live with I’m not sure going entirely public is what’s best for her. Perhaps if her Mum had just told the story rather than revealing her identity.
I am thoroughly impressed with the school though, fair play.
Two points, first off GID/transsexualism actually exists, is a real, well documented condition and the people involved know much more about it than the typical armchair conservatives commenting on this and the scumbags commenting on the Paddy Power article. Treatment for it is generally very successful, and it can cause severe depression and suicide left unchecked. None of that suffering is imaginary or made up as part of some stupid left wing conspiracy.
Secondly,no real medical intervention is being taken here. To act as if it’s a heresy for a physical male, or hell, even an actual male, to dress in typically female clothing is absolutely laughable and shows a level of ignorance and authoritarianism that should get you laughed out of the comments section. Gender roles which includes clothing are largely constructs in the first place. They’re helpful and sometimes necessary for a trans person to feel confident in their gender, but there no psychologist worth their salt would claim cross-dressing causes serious psychological harm, unless you engage in victim blaming when they get bullied.
Plus a million there, I really wish people could at least educate themselves on the subject of GID before making a comment, I agree with some people knowing from an early age I never played with dolls yuck my ultimate goal was to play football from dawn to dusk I still don’t understand women because my brain is wired differently my brain and my body don’t match simple as that but it’s caused my over 30 years of depression a couple of suicide attempts and a large stint in Narnia, I would of loved to have a mum like that girl
Jaysus, what’s with all the Gender Identity Disorder articles on the journal? It’s nearly as bad as all the Apple articles. How about some coverage of some run of the mill Windows 8 users without identity crisis for a change?
In all fairness, transgendered people get a disproportionate amount of negative coverage in the media for a small minority, so it’s only fair to have positive articles. However this one isn’t really positive either. We’re just the butt end of every joke sadly.
“It’s child abuse that a child is not being brought up according to my extremist socially conservative principles!”
Can you prove that? I fucking dare you.
What would cause more damage to the child is if they were forced to dress and act a certain way. Leave the child alone, there is no harm to be done by letting them express themselves. They have plenty of time ahead of them to change their mind, and even if they do, they may be all the more wholesome an adult for having explored their feminine side.
Until you can back up what you’re saying, don’t make such accusations.
If a boy wants to play with dolls and wear a skirt and long hair, why should that be a disorder? He (and note that I am not saying “she” here) should just be allowed to do it without pretending that he has another set of genitals.
It’s society that is “disordered” by imposing certain codes of behaviour on everyone, including children often as young as one (I can tell from what goes on in my son’s crèche).
There is nothing wrong in not wanting to conform to an old fashioned idea of what a “boy” or a “girl” should do. Kudos to the boy’s school for eliminating a potential embarassment for a brave small person, who crosses gender divides which should not be there in the first place.
Giovanni, I would have agreed with your post if you hadn’t said “He (and note that I am not saying “she” here) should just be allowed to do it without pretending that he has another set of genitals.”
Gender Identity is more than the hair and clothes you wear. It’s certainly often an important thing, to fit into the gender role of the gender you identify, in order to pass and feel confident, but the validity of a male who wears girl clothes and likes girls things should not invalidate those who actually identify as female, and may not even wear stereotypically feminine clothes at all. As I pointed out, transgenderism is a very real phenomenon.
Unless we are talking genitalia or maybe facial hair or body shape, there is nothing inherently “male” or “female” that isn’t a social construct.
I was not suggesting that it’s just about the clothes and the toys and the hair – I was trying to imagine what the issues could be for a 5 year old to declare himself a girl – of course I don’t know him and the case in point.
That’s incorrect, and I would do some reading on brain sex, intersexuality, transgenderism, etc.
I am not saying girls should wear pink and boys should wear blue. But it’s possible that certain behaviours or methods of self-identification are inherent to one gender or the other(With the obvious exceptions in between).
Actually Giovanni, the hypothalamus in the brain is shaped differently for in men and women. In transgender individuals their hypothalamus will usually more closely resemble that of the opposite gender.
> implying that if I disagree with you I must not be well read
And another thing:
Think of the plight of gay people over the past – say 50 years, when homosexuality stopped being thought of as “an abomination” and became medicalised as a “disorder” or “mental illness”.
Of course a lot of gay people were unhappy about their “condition”. But the problem was not their homosexuality but the fact that it was not accepted. In the parts of the world where gay rights have been asserted, there is no issue about it being a “disorder”, something that is in some way diminishing. In fact it’s considered offensive.
I suspect that many transgender advocates coin terms such as “GID” because it makes it easier to elicit sympathy rather than saying “I will behave the way I want irrespective of received gender roles and sc**w you if you try and stop me”.
@Adam – I know there are physical differences between males and females, thank you very much.
Unless the mother of this child is thinking of surgically altering him into a girl (whether by modifying his genitalia, his hair follicles, his hypothalamus, whatever) what we are talking about here is behaviour and that is not predetermined for girls and boys.
“the hypothalamus in the brain is shaped differently for in men and women. In transgender individuals their hypothalamus will usually more closely resemble that of the opposite gender.”
So are you suggesting that if a person has the genitals of a man and the hypothalamus shaped like a woman’s, he will be a man that feels like / wants to be a woman? So maybe we should not look at the crotch of a baby at birth, but measure its hypothalamus? And how should that influence the way we raise the child? I challenge you to do that without falling into gender stereotypes.
Yes Giovanni. I must obviously be saying that when a baby is born it should be taken to an MRI machine and it’s hypothalamus should be measured just on the odd chance that the baby is one of that tiny percentage of people who happens to be transgender.
Or I suppose we could carry on with the tried and tested method of checking what’s between the baby’s legs and leave out all of the MRI business and only use it as a diagnostic tool for people who feel the necessity.
Giovanni, the trans community has heard your argument many a time and it’s something that’s been done to death. Gender roles and gender identity are separate and gender identity is something there’s real scientific backing for.
Just because the idea of gender being complete nonsense is more “Liberal” and progressive doesn’t necessarily make it more correct, just because liberal things tend to be more scientific.
This proverb is as true today as when Solomon wrote it 3000 years ago:
“Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it.”
Have you heard about the case of David Reimer? David was was a Canadian man who was born as a healthy male but was sexually reassigned and raised as female after his penis was accidentally destroyed during circumcision. The decision was made to raise David as a girl under the assumption that gender identity was primarily learned. David never felt female however and began living as a male at age 15.
Not saying that this either validates or invalidates the case in this article, you could probably argue it either way, just interesting…
While those of you busy judging and deriding the child, the child’s mother, god, the child’s diagnosis and the child’s doctors, I have one question: If this were a ‘cutesy’ story about a five year old boy who declared his love for a girl two doors down and his intention to marry her and make babies with her, would the judgement and derision be as loud?
All this mother has done is state her truth and the truth of her child. Maybe it will help other people whose children are having similar difficulties.
Of course everyone is entitled to their own opinion, but a smidgen of kindness and tolerance is never misplaced.
I still don’t understand why my comments where removed? Are different view points not tolerated here? They contained no offensive words and got many thumbs up, next thing I know they all gone…..what a waist of effort writing them.
Accusing parents of child abuse with no evidence whatsoever is a hefty accusation.
And that’s the comment that actually made it through the filter. I can’t imagine the horrors that didn’t. I can’t imagine we’re missing anything. Perhaps if you at least educate yourself on transgenderism, you may find your posts going through.
That said, there have been no mods active on here, so it’s probably just a system error, it’s happened to me before, and it’s funny how quick sheltered individuals are to scream discrimination.
Ah right, I see your comment. I guess the mods took my comment to heart -
“Secondly,no real medical intervention is being taken here. To act as if it’s a heresy for a physical male, or hell, even an actual male, to dress in typically female clothing is absolutely laughable and shows a level of ignorance and authoritarianism that should get you laughed out of the comments section. ”
How about you take part in rational discussion instead of accusing parents of child abuse for not conforming to gender roles, a practice which actually can be abusive?
Ah yeah Rathminer, beating a child is a great way of teaching them the basic tenets that they’re going to need to get through life.
Tenets such as;
* Fear Me, I’m bigger than you!
* Violence is the solution to all conflict
* People that you love will sometimes give you a thump to let you know who’s boss
Partially correct, Adam.
*Yes, fear of discipline is of paramount importance to it’s effectiveness.
*Violence will rarely, if ever, be resorted to. It is the aforementioned fear thereof that is the key.
*People that you love will sometimes discipline you to keep you on the right path, BECAUSE they love you.
You’ve come a long way from your original, “nothing a few good smacks wouldn’t fix” comment.
Anyone who is familiar with the mechanisms of conditioning will tell you that promise of reward is a far better incentive than threat of punishment in children.
Threat of punishment teaches them only to misbehave when they won’t be found out.
Transgendered people, LGBT people, people who are gender variant in any way are regularly subject to abuse and violence, and you’re endorsing that? You’re dressing like a girl! Time for RAPE AND BEATING!!1
You’re a vicious, transphobic authoritarian.
If you treat your children this way, you should be locked up. it’s child abuse. Letting your kid dress the way you want, apparently though, is what’s child abuse to some idiots, not physical violence.
No, I’m speaking from real life experience of how the abuse many transgedered people face.
Endorsing violence towards trans people is always wrong.
And once again, you take more issue to my posts than you do someone advocating something that’s actually morally wrong. “Beating the gay” out of someone doesn’t deserve your attention, but calling someone on it does?
This sheds further light on our conversation on the other thread. You have some of the worst principles I’ve ever seen.
It was in a magazine recently that angelina jolie and brad putt have a little girl that want to be a boy !! Will only wear boy clothes and has a name dat she prefers to be called !!! Angelina confirmed this herself !!! Bet she has gid !!
Dumbest thing iv probably ever read on this website ‘give him a few smacks’. Knocking the child’s confidence even further is not going to help him/her figure out his place in this world. I would imagine the mother has gone public as the child Is in a school with other children and presumably other people know of what is happening if the mother hadn’t of gone public someone else has. I think the woman Is brave for seeking the help her child needs after him/her trying to physically harm to him/herself. The mother was probably scared out of her mind when she found the child trying to make himself a girl. I have a 5 year old and she is happy in her own skin so far and I would do anything necessary to keep her feeling like that. I think this woman is just doing what she thinks is best for her child and what she has been advised by medical professional she’s seen. I truly wish this child every bit of luck in the future, a hard road lay ahead if this thread is anything to go by
Last round of Electric Picnic tickets sell out in 15 minutes
8 mins ago
0
People Before Profit
People Before Profit TD and leader Richard Boyd Barrett to begin treatment for throat cancer
Updated
29 mins ago
23.5k
18
Wildfire
Man arrested in connection with 'deliberate ignition' of major fire in Mourne Mountains
Updated
17 hrs ago
37.4k
Your Cookies. Your Choice.
Cookies help provide our news service while also enabling the advertising needed to fund this work.
We categorise cookies as Necessary, Performance (used to analyse the site performance) and Targeting (used to target advertising which helps us keep this service free).
We and our 164 partners store and access personal data, like browsing data or unique identifiers, on your device. Selecting Accept All enables tracking technologies to support the purposes shown under we and our partners process data to provide. If trackers are disabled, some content and ads you see may not be as relevant to you. You can resurface this menu to change your choices or withdraw consent at any time by clicking the Cookie Preferences link on the bottom of the webpage .Your choices will have effect within our Website. For more details, refer to our Privacy Policy.
We and our vendors process data for the following purposes:
Use precise geolocation data. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Store and/or access information on a device. Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development.
Cookies Preference Centre
We process your data to deliver content or advertisements and measure the delivery of such content or advertisements to extract insights about our website. We share this information with our partners on the basis of consent. You may exercise your right to consent, based on a specific purpose below or at a partner level in the link under each purpose. Some vendors may process your data based on their legitimate interests, which does not require your consent. You cannot object to tracking technologies placed to ensure security, prevent fraud, fix errors, or deliver and present advertising and content, and precise geolocation data and active scanning of device characteristics for identification may be used to support this purpose. This exception does not apply to targeted advertising. These choices will be signaled to our vendors participating in the Transparency and Consent Framework.
Manage Consent Preferences
Necessary Cookies
Always Active
These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work.
Targeting Cookies
These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.
Functional Cookies
These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and personalisation. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies then these services may not function properly.
Performance Cookies
These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. If you do not allow these cookies we will not be able to monitor our performance.
Store and/or access information on a device 111 partners can use this purpose
Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers, randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes presented here.
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 146 partners can use this purpose
Use limited data to select advertising 116 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
Create profiles for personalised advertising 85 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 85 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 39 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 35 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 136 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 61 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 76 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 84 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 37 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 47 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 27 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 93 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 100 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 73 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 55 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 91 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 69 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.
have your say